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What is a herniated disc?

A herniated disc, also known as a slipped or ruptured disc, is a spinal condition that occurs when the soft, gel-like center of a spinal disc (an intervertebral disc) protrudes through a tear or crack in the disc's tough outer layer. When this happens, the herniated disc can press against adjacent nerves in the spinal column, leading to various symptoms.

The most common symptom of a herniated disc is pain, commonly called sciatica, manifesting in the lower back, neck or along the affected nerve pathway. This discomfort may range from mild to severe and can be accompanied by numbness, tingling or muscle weakness in specific body areas. It's essential to seek medical attention if you experience these symptoms, as timely diagnosis and treatment can significantly improve your quality of life.

Herniated disc symptoms

A herniated disc can present a variety of symptoms, with pain being the most common and recognizable. The location of the disc and the affected nerves dictate where you'll experience symptoms. Common symptoms include:

  • Pain: Pain often begins in the lower back or neck, where the herniated disc is located. This pain can radiate into the arm or leg on the same side as the affected disc. The pain might range from a dull ache to a sharp, shooting sensation.
  • Numbness and tingling: Some individuals experience numbness or tingling in the areas served by the impacted nerves, such as the hands, fingers, feet or toes. It's similar to the sensation of pins and needles.
  • Muscle weakness: When nerves controlling specific muscles are affected, muscle weakness can lead to difficulties gripping objects, walking or performing other activities requiring muscle strength.

It's important to note that not everyone experiences the same set of symptoms, and the severity can vary. Book an appointment with an orthopedic or neurosurgeon expert as soon as possible if you notice any of these signs, as early diagnosis and tailored treatment can help you find relief and regain your quality of life.

Bulging disc vs herniated disc

A bulging disc and a herniated disc are both spinal disc abnormalities, but they differ in how they affect the disc's structure.

Both conditions may benefit from non-surgical treatments like physical therapy, medication and lifestyle modifications. However, herniated discs sometimes require more specific interventions or surgery. If you suspect you have either condition, consult a healthcare professional for a proper diagnosis, usually by MRI, and a tailored treatment plan.

Learn more about each:

  • Bulging disc

    A bulging disc occurs when the outer layer of the spinal disc, called the annulus fibrosus, weakens or wears down, which causes the disc to expand outward. It is often considered a normal part of aging and may not necessarily cause symptoms. However, if it presses against a nearby nerve, it can lead to pain or discomfort.

  • Herniated disc

    A herniated disc is also known as a slipped or ruptured disc. This condition is when the inner core of the spinal disc, called the nucleus pulposus, ruptures through the outer layer, named the annulus. Herniated discs can cause more intense pain as the leaked material can directly irritate or compress nearby nerves and cause symptoms like numbness, tingling or weakness.

     

What causes a herniated disc

While herniated discs can affect individuals of all backgrounds and lifestyles, certain factors can increase the likelihood of developing this condition. It's essential to be aware of these causes and risk factors to take proactive measures for prevention and early intervention:

  • Aging: Our spinal discs naturally degenerate as we age and lose some of their water content, making them less flexible and more susceptible to damage.
  • Improper form while lifting: Lifting heavy objects with poor technique, especially when combined with twisting or sudden movements, can strain the back and cause a herniated disc.
  • Obesity: Excess body weight places additional stress on the spine, especially in your back's lumbar (lower) region. Spinal stress can contribute to the development of herniated discs.
  • Genetics: A family history of herniated discs may increase your risk as genetic factors make some people more susceptible.
  • Occupational hazards: Jobs that involve heavy lifting, repetitive movements or constant vibration can increase the likelihood of developing a herniated disc.
  • Sedentary lifestyle: A lack of regular physical activity can weaken muscles and increase vulnerability to disc herniation.

Understanding what can cause a herniated disc and making lifestyle adjustments to prevent the injury, such as maintaining a healthy weight and practicing proper lifting techniques, can significantly reduce the risk of developing a herniated disc. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment can also improve symptoms and prevent further complications.

How to diagnose herniated discs

Diagnosing a herniated disc involves a combination of medical evaluation, careful analysis of symptoms and diagnostic tests.

Through these diagnostic steps, your orthopedist can confirm the presence of a herniated disc, determine its location and assess its impact on surrounding nerves. Early and precise diagnosis is key in formulating a tailored treatment plan for your condition, ensuring you find relief and regain your quality of life.

Here's a closer look at how herniated discs are typically diagnosed:

Medical evaluation

You'll discuss your medical history with your doctor, providing vital information about your symptoms and their progression. This one-on-one conversation is invaluable in guiding the diagnostic process.

Physical examination

A hands-on examination follows. Your healthcare provider will assess your reflexes, muscle strength, sensation and areas of pain. This physical evaluation is vital for pinpointing potential issues.

Imaging tests

To visualize the spine and the affected disc, your doctor may order diagnostic imaging tests. These can include X-rays, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) scans, each offering different insights into the condition of your spinal discs.

Electromyography (EMG)

In some instances where nerve damage is suspected or imaging evaluation is inconclusive, an EMG may be conducted. This test measures electrical activity in the muscles, helping identify areas of nerve compression.


Herniated disc treatment

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Herniated discs can cause discomfort ranging from mild to debilitating, but the good news is that numerous treatment options are available to alleviate symptoms and promote recovery. Our approach to treatment ensures that you receive personalized care tailored to your specific injury.

  • Medication

    Medication

    Your healthcare provider may prescribe medications to manage pain and inflammation. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), muscle relaxants and corticosteroid injections can reduce discomfort.

  • Physical therapy

    Physical therapy

    Skilled physical therapists design exercise programs tailored to your needs. These physical therapy exercises can strengthen your back, enhance flexibility and reduce pain.

  • Rest and activity modification

    Rest and activity modification

    In some cases, rest and lifestyle adjustments may be sufficient for recovery. Limiting activities that exacerbate symptoms and understanding proper body mechanics are both important.

  • Complementary therapies

    Complementary therapies

    Complementary therapies, both medical and non-medical, are essential in your treatment plan. Techniques like transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) or acupuncture may alleviate discomfort and improve your quality of life.

  • Surgery

    Surgery

    If conservative treatments are ineffective or if you have severe symptoms, surgical intervention may be considered.

    • Discectomy: Discectomy is a minimally invasive surgical procedure to alleviate pressure on spinal nerves by removing a portion of a damaged or herniated disc. It involves small incisions and specialized tools to minimize tissue damage, reduce recovery time and relieve nerve pressure.
    • Laminectomy: Laminectomy is a surgical technique that removes part of the vertebral bone, known as the lamina, to create more space within the spinal canal. This procedure is often done to relieve pressure on the spinal cord or nerves, typically in cases of spinal stenosis.
    • Spinal fusion: Spinal fusion is a surgery that joins two or more vertebrae together using bone grafts, metal hardware or synthetic materials. This procedure is performed to stabilize the spine, reduce pain and restrict the movement of problematic vertebrae.
    • Electrothermal catheter therapy: Electrothermal catheter therapy is a minimally invasive procedure that employs a catheter to deliver controlled heat energy to specific nerves or tissues. It's used to alleviate chronic pain conditions, particularly in treating conditions like chronic knee pain, back pain or joint pain.

    Your care team will determine the most appropriate treatment plan based on the severity of your condition, its location and your overall health. They'll guide you through the options, ensuring you receive personalized care to restore your quality of life.

Medication

Your healthcare provider may prescribe medications to manage pain and inflammation. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), muscle relaxants and corticosteroid injections can reduce discomfort.

Physical therapy

Skilled physical therapists design exercise programs tailored to your needs. These physical therapy exercises can strengthen your back, enhance flexibility and reduce pain.

Rest and activity modification

In some cases, rest and lifestyle adjustments may be sufficient for recovery. Limiting activities that exacerbate symptoms and understanding proper body mechanics are both important.

Complementary therapies

Complementary therapies, both medical and non-medical, are essential in your treatment plan. Techniques like transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) or acupuncture may alleviate discomfort and improve your quality of life.

Surgery

If conservative treatments are ineffective or if you have severe symptoms, surgical intervention may be considered.

  • Discectomy: Discectomy is a minimally invasive surgical procedure to alleviate pressure on spinal nerves by removing a portion of a damaged or herniated disc. It involves small incisions and specialized tools to minimize tissue damage, reduce recovery time and relieve nerve pressure.
  • Laminectomy: Laminectomy is a surgical technique that removes part of the vertebral bone, known as the lamina, to create more space within the spinal canal. This procedure is often done to relieve pressure on the spinal cord or nerves, typically in cases of spinal stenosis.
  • Spinal fusion: Spinal fusion is a surgery that joins two or more vertebrae together using bone grafts, metal hardware or synthetic materials. This procedure is performed to stabilize the spine, reduce pain and restrict the movement of problematic vertebrae.
  • Electrothermal catheter therapy: Electrothermal catheter therapy is a minimally invasive procedure that employs a catheter to deliver controlled heat energy to specific nerves or tissues. It's used to alleviate chronic pain conditions, particularly in treating conditions like chronic knee pain, back pain or joint pain.

Your care team will determine the most appropriate treatment plan based on the severity of your condition, its location and your overall health. They'll guide you through the options, ensuring you receive personalized care to restore your quality of life.

Real patients. Real stories.

Ainsley Capra: Back pain no longer dominates my life.

An athletic trainer by profession, Ainsley Capra was used to an active life. Then, herniated discs in her lower spine began to make even the simplest movement painful. "I couldn't bend down to pat my dog," she explains.

Physical therapy and injections weren't doing the job, so she looked into spine surgery at Baylor Scott & White Health. "I did extensive research," says Ainsley, who went through two spinal fusion procedures.

Today, she's pain-free and active again. "I feel strong and invincible. I would recommend Baylor Scott & White Health to anybody."

Frequently asked questions

  • Do herniated discs heal?

    Herniated discs can improve with time and appropriate treatment. While they may not completely "heal" in the sense of returning to their original state, most people experience significant relief from symptoms through non-surgical treatments; those with severe cases will benefit from surgical interventions.

  • Can a herniated disc cause permanent nerve damage?

    In severe and or chronic cases, a herniated disc can potentially lead to permanent nerve damage. However, prompt medical intervention and appropriate treatment can often prevent or minimize such damage.

  • How do you get a herniated disc?

    Various factors, including aging, injury or trauma, repetitive strain, genetics and obesity, cause herniated discs. Sudden movements or improper lifting techniques are also common causes.

  • How long does a herniated disc take to heal?

    The healing time for a herniated disc can vary widely depending on the severity of the condition, treatment methods and you as an individual. Many experience improvement within a few weeks to several months, while some may require extended recovery periods.

  • Is a bulging disc the same as a herniated disc?

    No, a bulging disc and a herniated disc are not the same. A bulging disc happens when the outer layer of the spinal disc extends beyond its normal position, while a herniated disc is where the disc's inner material pushes through a tear in the outer layer.

  • Can a chiropractor help a herniated disc?

    Chiropractic care may offer relief from herniated disc symptoms for some individuals. It's essential to consult with a medical provider, such as an orthopedist or neurosurgeon, for a comprehensive evaluation and to determine if chiropractic treatment suits you.

  • Is walking good for a herniated disc?

    Gentle, low-impact activities like walking and swimming can benefit individuals with herniated discs. It promotes circulation, maintains joint mobility and may help alleviate symptoms. However, it's crucial to consult with your physician to ensure that your exercise regimen aligns with your specific condition and treatment plan.