Hernia

Types of hernias

There are several types of hernias:

• Inguinal hernia: This occurs when herniated contents push into the canal above the inguinal ligament in the groin. These can happen on one or both sides and occur more frequently in men.
• Femoral hernia: This type is when the hernia contents go under the inguinal ligament, with the bulge often appearing on the upper inner thigh. This occurs more frequently in women.
• Hiatal hernia: This type of hernia is when part of the upper stomach pushes through the diaphragm into the chest, where the esophagus enters the abdomen. The most commonly herniated organ is the stomach, but sometimes the colon or small intestine can herniate too. Symptoms include heartburn, regurgitation or difficulty swallowing. Hiatal hernias cannot be seen or felt and are diagnosed with an endoscope or barium swallow study.
• Ventral hernia: This type is any hernia that protrudes through the abdominal wall. These can occur at the belly button, along a previous scar, on the side of the abdomen or along the midline. Ventral hernias are further classified as epigastric, incisional or umbilical hernias.
  • Epigastric hernia: A ventral hernia that develops between the chest and belly button.
  • Incisional hernia: A ventral hernia that forms after abdominal surgery at the incision site.
  • Umbilical hernia: Common in newborns, a ventral hernia develops at the belly button.

Hernia causes

A common cause of hernias is prior surgery, which can weaken the connective tissue (fascia) of the abdominal wall. Over time, pressure inside the abdomen can cause these weakened areas to stretch and form a hernia.

Other naturally weaker areas include the inguinal canal and the belly button.

How is a hernia diagnosed?

Many hernias can be seen and felt, so often, your doctor can diagnose a hernia during a physical exam. In some cases, imaging may be needed, especially for hiatal hernias or hernias in children.

Hernia treatment

Hernias do not go away on their own, and you will usually require hernia repair surgery, but lifestyle changes may help prevent a hernia from getting worse.

Some people may choose to monitor a hernia if symptoms are mild. However, waiting can allow the hernia to grow and become harder to repair.

Frequently asked questions